Chapter 16: Virginia & Massachusetts
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PAGE 328
https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/intolerable-acts
https://www.sec.state.ma.us/divisions/public-records/history-of-seal.htm
https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3215
https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.03704000/?st=text
AUTO PDF download: Carved Ivory Denture, Attributed to Paul Revere
AUTO PDF download: Provincial Congress -- https://digital.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/ niu-amarch%3A93885
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Magna Charta
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/medieval/magframe.asp
https://www.parliament.uk/magnacarta/
https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2015/02/magna-carta-canada-800th-anniversary.html
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https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/collex/exhibits/originsof-color/organic-dyes-and-lakes/tyrian-purple/
https://exhibitions.kelsey.lsa.umich.edu/ancient-color/purple.php
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https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/364/benjamin-franklin
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1075/george-washington
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https://fi.edu/en/science-and-education/benjamin-franklin/kite-key-experiment
https://www.history.com/news/benjamin-franklin-kite-experiment-electricity
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-04-02-0135
https://www.ushistory.org/franklin/science/kite.htm
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/franklin-flies-kite-during-thunderstorm
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/133208490/joseph-coulon_de-jumonville
https://www.nps.gov/people/joseph-coulon-de-jumonville.htm
https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Jumonville-Glen
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tanaghrisson_3E.html
https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/ahmc-of-the-month-a-half-king-in-america-2
https://www.nps.gov/vafo/learn/historyculture/vonsteuben.htm
https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/baron-von-steuben
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/baron-von-steuben-180963048/
https://www.bergencountyhistory.org/steuben-bio
https://www.archives.gov/nhprc/projects/catalog/friedrich-wilhelm-von-steuben
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https://www.britannica.com/event/Battles-of-Lexington-and-Concord
https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/battles-lexington-and-concord-1775
https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/onwards-to-victory-american-revolutionary-war/battles-of-lexington-and-concord
https://www.amrevmuseum.org/read-the-revolution/the-day-the-american-revolution-began
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49742/49742-h/49742-h.htm
PAGE 335
https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/siege-of-boston/
https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/this-day-history-march-17-1776-british-troops-flee-boston
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/evacuation-day-on-march-17-know-why-is-it-observed/articleshow/98737300.cms?from=mdr
https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-battle-of-bunker-hill.htm
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https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ar/14313.htm#:~:text=The%20Treaty%20of%20Paris%20was,the%20U.S.%20significant%20western%20territory.
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris
https://www.loc.gov/collections/continental-congress-and-constitutional-convention-from-1774-to-1789/articles-and-essays/timeline/1764-to-1765/
https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/stamp-act-1765
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/the-stamp-act-and-the-american-colonies-1763-67/
https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/no-taxation-without-representation
http://digitalhistory.hsp.org/pafrm/doc/declaration-congress-held-new-york-october-7-1765
Timothy Ruggles & Peyton Randolph
https://sandwichhistory.org/timothy-ruggles-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-massachusetts-loyalist/
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/114169287/timothy-dwight-ruggles
https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/peyton-randolph-the-forgotten-revolutionary-president
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peyton-Randolph
https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/peyton-randolph-1721-1775/
https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/peyton-randolph
https://scrc-kb.libraries.wm.edu/peyton-randolph-c-1721-1775
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https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/140520061/benjamin-ruggles
https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/official-symbols-canada.html
https://origins.osu.edu/history-news/god-we-trust-or-e-pluribus-unum-american-founders-preferred-latter-motto?language_content_entity=en
https://www.si.edu/object/e-pluribus-unum-gazetteer-united-states-america%3Asilgoi_68301
https://www.britannica.com/topic/E-pluribus-unum-United-States-motto
https://historicipswich.net/2021/06/19/the-hanging-of-bathsheba-spooner-july-2-1778/
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/40581415/bathsheba-spooner
https://allthingsliberty.com/tag/bathsheba-ruggles/
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https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/bathsheba-bible
https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2659-bath-sheba
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bath-sheba-jewish-virtual-library
https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4922
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/king-david
https://www.britannica.com/biography/David
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Solomon
https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13842-solomon
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/king-solomon
John Hancock & Richard Henry Lee
https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/john-hancock
https://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/hancock.html
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/440/john-hancock
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1168/richard_henry-lee
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/lee-resolution
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/primary-documents/lees-resolution-1776/
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/lee.asp
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Sam Adams & Patrick Henry
https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/samuel-adams-boston-revolutionary.htm
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Adams
https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/samuel-adams
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/henry-patrick-1736-1799/
https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/patrick-henry/
https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/31693.Samuel_Adams
https://www.azquotes.com/author/99-Samuel_Adams
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9/samuel-adams
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/472/patrick-henry
James Otis & James Madison
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Otis
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/transformative-patriot-who-didnt-become-founding-father-180963166/
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/transformative-patriot-who-didnt-become-founding-father-180963166/
https://www.colonialwilliamsburg.org/explore/nation-builders/patrick-henry/
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1501/james-otis
https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-madison/
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/661/james-madison
https://www.jmu.edu/index.shtml
https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/james-madison/
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https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/lee-henry-1756-1818/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Lee
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Revere
https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/paul-revere
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/865/paul-revere
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2452/henry-lee
https://www.revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com/light-horse-harry-lee.html
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/72084633/edward_hutchinson_robbins_revere
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https://www.loc.gov/item/2019635473/
https://antietam.aotw.org/officers.php?officer_id=195
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5845791/paul-joseph-revere
https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/eulogies/
https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/art/exhibits/conflicts-and-operations/the-war-of-1812/the-battle-of-fayal/captain-samuel-reid.html
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/858/samuel-chester-reid
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https://www.si.edu/spotlight/flag-day/banner-facts
https://www.si.edu/spotlight/flag-day/flag-facts
https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us-1795.html
https://www.gettysburgflag.com/star-spangled-banner-15-stars-15-stripes-choose-options
George Mason & Elbridge Gerry
https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/george-mason/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Mason
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/mason-george-1725-1792/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elbridge-Gerry
https://millercenter.org/president/madison/essays/gerry-1813-vicepresident
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/where-did-term-gerrymander-come-180964118/
https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2017/02/elbridge-gerry-and-the-monstrous-gerrymander/
https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/declaration/bio12.htm
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https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/december-15/
https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript
https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/bill-of-rights/
https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/oc/stc/entries/the-bill-of-rights-to-the-u.s.-constitution-december-15-1791
Nathaniel Gorham & Cyrus Griffin
https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/constitution/bio17.htm
http://www.firstamericanrepublic.com/cyrus-griffin-fourteenth-american-president.html
https://history.army.mil/books/revwar/ss/gorham.htm
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6661818/cyrus-griffin
https://www.dailypress.com/2021/01/13/peaceful-transition-cyrus-griffin-was-final-president-before-adoption-of-constitution/
https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/453682
https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/shays-rebellion/#:~:text=A%20violent%20insurrection%20in%20the,states%20experienced%20similar%20economic%20hardships.
https://time.com/5459916/american-monarchy/
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/645939/prince-henry-prussian-scheme
https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ar/91719.htm
1676: Bacon's Rebellion & King Phillip's War
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nathaniel-Bacon
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/bacon-nathaniel-1647-1676/
https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5800
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/1200hpr-534e192ea638982/
https://virginiahistory.org/learn/bacons-rebellion-virginia-years-1675-1676
https://dhprojects.bc.edu/s/worldsatwar/page/causes-king-philips-war
https://www.britannica.com/event/King-Philips-War
https://www.nps.gov/rowi/learn/historyculture/kingphilip.htm
https://www.worldhistory.org/King_Philip%27s_War/
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/263304859/nathaniel-bacon
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/30810301/william-berkeley
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/berkeley-sir-william-1605-1677/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Berkeley
https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/bacons-rebellion.htm
https://www.history.com/news/bacons-rebellion-jamestown-colonial-america
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https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/events-african-american-history/bacons-rebellion-1676/
https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-08.htm
https://www.nps.gov/frsp/learn/historyculture/chist.htm
https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/chancellorsville
https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Chancellorsville
English Civil War
https://www.britannica.com/event/English-Civil-Wars
https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/british-civil-wars
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/
https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Origins-of-the-English-Civil-War/
https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/the-english-civil-wars-history-and-stories/
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Confederate Generals from Massachusetts
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8578177/charles-w-adams
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/83999026/catherine_everett_keller
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https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/1812/laura-secord.html
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/laura-secord
https://ss.sites.mtu.edu/mhugl/2019/10/31/war-of-1812-battle-of-beaver-dams/
https://www.nps.gov/articles/laura-secord-dangerous-journey.htm
https://postagestampguide.com/canada/stamps/16684/laura-secord-legendary-patriot-1992-canada-postage-stamp-folklore-legendary-heroes
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-of-beaver-dams
Martha Washington & Abigail Adams
https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/
https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/martha-dandridge-custis-washington/
https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/abigail-adams
https://www.nps.gov/adam/learn/historyculture/abigail-adams-1744-1818.htm
https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/03/remember-the-ladies/
https://millercenter.org/president/adams/adams-1797-abigail-firstlady
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Republics of Texas and California Republics
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/29844395/william-brown-ide
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/3753/anson-jones
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sam-Houston
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/houston-sam
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9342/richard-barnes-mason
https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf100001p5/
WEB Du Bois & Booker T Washington
https://iep.utm.edu/web-dubois/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dubois/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/W-E-B-Du-Bois
https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/web-du-bois
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2382/martha-washington
https://legacyofslavery.harvard.edu/alumni/w-e-b-du-bois
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6876927/web-dubois
https://www.nps.gov/bowa/index.htm
https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/booker-t-washington
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/washington-booker-t-1856-1915/
https://www.tuskegee.edu/discover-tu/tu-presidents/booker-t-washington
https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/booker-t-washington/
https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3183
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1073/booker_t-washington
https://postalmuseum.si.edu/collections/object-spotlight/booker-t-washington-postage-stamp
https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/the-black-experience-shaping-education/web-du-bois
https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth-oai:ff36cm160
Ruby & Jack
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/roberts-ruby-altizer-1907-2004/
https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/virginiapoets/westcentral/poets/2/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-Kerouac
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/577/jack-kerouac
Susan B Anthony & Orra Langhorne
https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Langhorne_Orra
https://richmond.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-orra-langhorne-still-speaks-to-us/article_b54fc31c-cbd7-5d77-bc07-b2a24fc2db1e.html
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/31/susan_b-anthony
https://susanb.org/her-life/
Harvard & Phi Beta Kappa
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harvard-University
https://depts.washington.edu/uwpbk/history.htm
https://pbk.fsu.edu/about/national
https://www.wm.edu/offices/fsl/scholarship/phibetakappa/
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https://www.hrp.org.uk/kensington-palace/history-and-stories/william-iii-and-mary-ii/#gs.7z9sn2
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1450/william-shakespeare
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mayflower-docks-at-plymouth-harbor
https://www.jyfmuseums.org/visit/jamestown-settlement/living-history/ships#ad-image-0
https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/what-happened-to-the-three-ships.htm
PAGE 355
https://science.nasa.gov/neptune/facts/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Tempest
https://www.worldhistory.org/English_Civil_Wars/
PAGE 356
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/surrender-to-parliament-treaty-of-jamestown/
https://www.royal.uk/charles-ii
https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/royals/charles-ii
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/king-charles-ii-public-personal-life-british-monarch
https://www.nps.gov/rowi/learn/historyculture/charlesii.htm
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/collections/deathwarrant/
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7014808/miguel-de-cervantes
PAGE 357
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/edgar-allan-poe
https://www.owleyes.org/text/raven/read/the-raven
https://scalar.usc.edu/works/lucas-collection-poetry-scrapbook/susan-archer-talley-weiss-biography
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/33930/33930-h/33930-h.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas (Jack & Sally)
PAGE 358
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Adams-president-of-United-States
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Jefferson
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5569/powhatan
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Massasoit
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/226588285/8s%C3%A2meeqan-yellow_feather
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14575730/john-rolfe
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jachin-and-boaz
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6873048/squanto
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/821/pocahontas
Anderson, Patricia Keppel. “But Did You Know…The History of Virginia Peanuts.” Virginia Is for Lovers. Accessed July 23, 2023. https://blog.virginia.org/2020/10/virginia-peanuts-history/.
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Little, Becky. “How 22-Year-Old George Washington Inadvertently Sparked a World War.” History.com. Last modified September 27, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/george-washington-french-indian-war-jumonville.
Klein, Christopher. “11 Key People Who Shaped George Washington’s Life.” History.com. Last modified October 10, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/who-was-important-to-george-washington.
“11 Little-Known Facts About George Washington.” History.com. Last modified October 18, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/george-washington-little-known-facts.
Little, Becky. “The Worst Time in History to Be Alive, According to Scientists.” History.com. Last modified August 1, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/536-volcanic-eruption-fog-eclipse-worst-year.
Blakemore, Erin. “The Revolutionary War Hero Who Was Openly Gay.” History.com. Last modified June 22, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/openly-gay-revolutionary-war-hero-friedrich-von-steuben.
Mullen, Matt. “How George Washington’s Iron-Willed Single Mom Taught Him Honor.” History.com. Last modified March 27, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/george-washington-mother-mary-character-upbringing.
Jaicks, Fred. “Lightning and Benjamin Franklin.” MJJ Sales. February 7, 2020. https://mjjsales.com/lightning-and-benjamin-franklin/.
Taver, Curtis. “Flags of Our Founders: A Study of Fraternal Organization Flags.” Presentation at the North American Vexillological Association’s 57th annual meeting, at Philadelphia, PA, October 8, 2023.
Daley, Bill. “Timothy Riggles – The Rise and Fall of a Massachusetts Loyalist.” Sandwich Historical Commission. March 22, 2021. https://sandwichhistory.org/timothy-ruggles-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-massachusetts-loyalist/.
“Peyton Randolph.” Colonial Williamsburg. Accessed July 23, 2023. https://www.slaveryandremembrance.org/Almanack/people/bios/biorapey.cfm.
DiCamillo, Michael. “‘They Crucified Two Thieves’: The Executions of John Bly and Charles Rose, Shays’s Rebels.” The Histories 5, no. 2. Accessed July 23, 2023. https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=the_histories.
Lepore, Jill. These Truths: A History of the United States. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2018.
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Farid, Ronni S. “Peyton Randolph (1721-1775).” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Accessed November 30, 2023. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/peyton-randolph-1721-1775/.
Daley, Bill. “Timothy Ruggles – The Rise and Fall of a Massachusetts Loyalist.” Sandwich Historical Commission. March 22, 2021. https://sandwichhistory.org/timothy-ruggles-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-massachusetts-loyalist/.
McGaughy, J. Kent. “Richard Henry Lee (1732-1794).” Encyclopedia Virginia. December 7, 2020. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/lee-richard-henry-1732-1794.
“Lee Resolution.” National Archives. Accessed November 30, 2023. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/lee-resolution
Tricky, Eric. “Why the Colonies’ Most Galvanizing Patriot Never Became a Founding Father.” Smithsonian Magazine. May 5, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/transformative-patriot-who-didnt-become-founding-father-180963166/.
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