Chapter 11: Oregon Obverse & South Carolina
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PAGE 189
African Islamic Slave Trade
https://www.loc.gov/ghe/cascade/index.html?appid=33ea589e72d048c0ae6a62ffaf565d33
https://www.loc.gov/collections/omar-ibn-said-collection/about-this-collection/
https://www.britannica.com/place/Goree-Island
https://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0110
Last Country in West Africa & World to ban slavery in 1981
https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/slavery-in-mauritania-the-long-road-to-real-emancipation/
https://www.cfr.org/blog/state-slavery-mauritania
PAGE 190
South Carolina leaves Union on Christmas Eve 1860
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp
Beaver symbolism in Canada
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/beaver-canada-symbols-1.3658037
https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/03/24/history-march-241975-the-beaver-canadas-national-animal-symbol/
PAGE 193
Treaty of 1818 UK/USA
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/conv1818.asp
End of joint occupation US/UK
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/br-1846.asp
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/br1864.asp
https://www.nwcouncil.org/reports/columbia-river-history/treatyoforegon/
PAGE 194
Spanish in South Carolina & Oregon Territory
https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/san-miguel-de-gualdape/
https://thenewworld.us/san-miguel-de-gualdape/
https://www.nootkamarineadventures.com/history-nootka-sound/
https://www.britannica.com/event/Nootka-Sound-controversy
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nootka-sound-controversy
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/oregon-territory
https://www.yuquot.ca/nootka-crisis/
PAGE 195
Robert Gray
Auto download PDF of Cpt. Gray https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/achievementsofca00smit/achievementsofca00smit.pdf
https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/gray_robert/
https://www.historylink.org/file/5049
Columbia Rediviva
https://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=193&pid=15
http://www.oregonpioneers.com/gray.htm
http://www.oregonpioneers.com/gray.htm
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11179403/robert-gray
PAGE 197
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/10189/robert-banks-jenkinson
https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Canning
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9556/george-canning
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-John-Robinson-1st-Earl-of-Ripon
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/10190/frederick-john-robinson
PAGE 198
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-Wellesley-1st-Duke-of-Wellington
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1940/arthur-wellesley
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Grey-2nd-Earl-Grey
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/10191/charles-grey
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Lamb
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6201/william-lamb
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lord-Melbourne
PAGE 199
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Peel
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Boris-Johnson
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803102022578
http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/politics/tam2.htm
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamworth-Manifesto
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/01/covfefe-trump-typo-turned-meme/579763/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/31/what-is-covfefe-donald-trump-baffles-twitter-post
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Trump
PAGE 200
https://www.royal.uk/george-iii
https://dbpedia.org/page/York_Factory_Express
Fort Vancouver in Washington, BC
https://www.nps.gov/fova/learn/historyculture/hbcfort1.htm
https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/fort_vancouver/
http://npshistory.com/publications/fova/index.htm
PAGE 201
https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/hms_racoon/
https://www.historylink.org/File/9769
https://www.nps.gov/fosu/index.htm
Fort Astoria & Fort Sumter
https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/hms_racoon/
http://www.osoyoosmuseum.ca/1812/panel4.html
https://www.legendsofamerica.com/fort-astoria-oregon/
http://clatsopnews.com/2018/03/18/astoria-called-fort-george/
https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/first-archaeological-investigations-of-fort-astoria.htm
https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/fort-sumter
USS Ontario
https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1940/february/voyage-ontario-1817-19
https://kids.kiddle.co/USS_Ontario_(1813)
PAGE 202
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6413/john-baptiste-mcloughlin
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2437/john_caldwell-calhoun
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seven-oaks-incident
https://www.hp-lexicon.org/thing/gryffindor-house/
https://www.loc.gov/item/2011646733/
PAGE 203
https://www.clemson.edu/about/history/bios/john-c-calhoun.html
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-C-Calhoun
https://www.nps.gov/people/john-c-calhoun.htm
https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/apps/nshc/statue/mcloughlin/
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/presentism
https://www.farmsanctuary.org/issue/factory-farming/
https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/factory-farming/
PAGE 205
George Washington Bush
https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/black-history/Pages/families/bush.aspx
https://www.nps.gov/people/georgebush.htm
https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/bush_george_washington_1790_1863_1790_1863_/
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5855396/george-bush
1862 Race Tax on non-Europeans
https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/black-history/Pages/context/chronology.aspx
https://www.ocpp.org/2018/11/28/racism-tax-policy-oregon/
https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/blacks_in_oregon/
PAGE 206
https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/313
https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/after_slavery/interactive_timelines_as/reconstruction_sc
black exclusion laws
https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/exclusion_laws/
https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/jun/26
https://historicoregoncity.org/2019/04/02/exclusion-laws/
PAGE 207
1887 Hells Canyon Massacre
https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/hells-canyon-massacre
Tuskegee Airmen
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/obituaries/robert-j-friend-dead.html
https://adams.lps.org/about-our-school/
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/113722969/paul-adams
Oregon Asian Airmen
https://sandiegoairandspace.org/exhibits/online-exhibit-page/asian-americans-in-aviation
victor lee
https://tankdestroyer.net/honorees/l/749-victor-y-lee-607th/
https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/lee_hazel_ying/#.VYK80EaYoqJ
https://disciplesofflight.com/world-war-2-flying-ace-arthur-chin/
https://www.thenmusa.org/biographies/hazel-ying-lee/
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/49467378/hazel_ying-yim_qun
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/49467543/victor_ying_lee
END NOTES FROM THE BOOK
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“Official Symbols of Canada.” Government of Canada. Last modified June 16, 2023. https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/official-symbols-canada.html.
Lang, William L. “Robert Gray.” Oregon Encyclopedia. Oregon Historical Society. Last modified April 3, 2023. https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/gray_robert/#.YYv13E7MJPY.
Flora, Stephenie. “Captain Robert Gray.” Oregon Pioneers. Accessed July 23, 2023. http://www.oregonpioneers.com/gray.htm.
Oldham, Keith. “Captain Robert Gray Becomes the First Non-Indian Navigator to Enter the Columbia River, Which He Later Names, on May 11, 1792.” HistoryLink.org. Last modified January 13, 2003. https://www.historylink.org/file/5051.
Lockwood, Martha. “Hazel Ying Lee: Showcased Asian-American Involvement in War Effort.” Air Force. March 19, 2015. https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/580998/hazel-ying-lee-showcased-asian-american-involvement-in-war-effort/.
Crowther, Linnea. “Mike Mitchell (1944-2021), ‘Louie, Louie’ Guitarist with the Kingsmen.” Legacy.com. April 20, 2021. https://www.legacy.com/news/celebrity-deaths/mike-mitchell-1944-2021-louie-louie-guitarist-with-the-kingsmen/.
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*Note that you can easily eat the inner trunk of the tree on South Carolina’s flag at your local Bonefish Grill if you order their house salad, which includes hearts of palm. They look like little white hockey pucks. In this preparation, they taste like if a water chestnut and bamboo root had a baby. Also, I must confess that I am a part-time employee of this fine restaurant.
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